Holdet p1 bi (2025/26) - Undervisningsbeskrivelse

Undervisningsbeskrivelse

Stamoplysninger til brug ved prøver til gymnasiale uddannelser
Termin(er) 2025/26
Institution Hasseris Gymnasium
Fag og niveau Biologi -
Lærer(e) Marie Lind Brandtoft
Hold 2025 bi/p1 (p1 bi, p1 bi-øv)

Oversigt over gennemførte undervisningsforløb
Titel 1 Introduction to microbiology
Titel 2 Genetics, inheritance and evolution
Titel 3 Food - macros and micros
Titel 4 Reproduction and sex
Titel 5 Basic physiology
Titel 6 Plants and ecology

Beskrivelse af de enkelte undervisningsforløb (1 skema for hvert forløb)
Titel 1 Introduction to microbiology

Microbiology

This lesson is a very short introduction to microbiology and microbial growth
Curriculum: Phil Bradfield og Steve Potter: Pearson Edexcel International GCSE Biology, Pearson Education, 2017:  12-14, 25-30, notes, and pages from Edexcel study guide (see pdf) and PowerPoint on microbiologi

Links/videos:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YSitT0oOoyc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A4TRXFGV8Bg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mh7KOtQTXrw

As illustrations of what is and isn’t microorganisms a culture of daphnia is passed around class as a video of daphnia play on the whiteboard (not microorganisms). A video of paramecium is shown as comparison (microorganisms).

The students should be able to define what microorganisms are (organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye), and they should know the following terms and equations and be able to use them correctly: Bacteria, fungi, protist/protoctists, microbial growth phases: lag, log, stationary and death phase and what defines the different phases. They should know both the words and the chemical balanced equations for respiration and lactic acid and ethanol fermentation. They should know that yeast prefer to respiration due to larger energy production and that organisms mainly resort to fermentation if oxygen resources are low.

The balanced equations:
Respiration: C6H12O2 + 6O2 → 6 CO2 + 6H2O + energy (a lot)
Lactid acid fermentation: C6H12O2 → C3H6O3 + energy (a little)
Ethanol fermentation: C6H12O2 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + energy (a little)

Experimental work:
1) Cheese making
Making cheese with the enzyme chymosin, without/without buttermilk and at 2 different temperatures

2) Microscopy of live daphnia magna with identification of different anatomical struktures

3) Yeast activity at different temperatures

Written work: Journal on cheese making. Handin-grading and re-handin
Indhold
Kernestof:

Skriftligt arbejde:
Titel Afleveringsdato
Journal on cheese making 21-11-2025
Journals on cheese making and yeast activity 02-12-2025
Omfang Estimeret: 4,00 moduler
Dækker over: 6 moduler
Særlige fokuspunkter
Væsentligste arbejdsformer

Titel 2 Genetics, inheritance and evolution

This course focuses on inheritance and variation, selection, and evolution.

Curriculum:
Phil Bradfield og Steve Potter: Pearson Edexcel International GCSE Biology, Pearson Education, 2017: 227-230, 233-237, 240-246, 249-257, 261-266, 268-271

Additional reading materials
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tyaEQEmt5ls
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zrKdz93WlVk
https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-5-evolution-and-biodi/52-natural-selection/selection-pressures.html
https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolution-101/mechanisms-the-processes-of-evolution/evolutionary-fitness/
https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolution-101/mechanisms-the-processes-of-evolution/sexual-selection/
https://biologydictionary.net/stabilizing-selection/

Experimental work:
Mono-hybrid inheritance: PTC tasting and other mono-hybrid characteristics
Extraction of DNA from onions
Natural selection on beans on different colors of cardboard

Written assignment:
Make your own pedigree: Follow two mono-hybrid traits of your own choice through 3 generations in your own pedigree

The students should be able to explain the characteristics of chromosomes, genes and DNA and what the genetic code and a gene is, and how a triplet codes for an amin acid, thus making a gene a code for at protein. They should know the basis of inheritance (especially mono-hybrid inheritance) and be able to tell cell divisions mitosis and meiosis apart. The students should (based on knowing chromosomes in a karyogram) be able to make Punnet squares/genetic diagrams and draw and interpret pedigrees. They should understand that inheritance is ruled by probabilities, and be able to distinguish between dominant, recessive, co-dominant, autosomal, and sex-linked characteristics. They should know that genetic variation together with environmental change are the basis for all evolution, and they should be able to distinguish between discontinuous and continuous variation, natural and sexual selection and explain the role of mutation in variation, what causes mutations and thus fitness and adaptive features in both the individual organism and the population over time.

It is expected that the students know the following terms and are able to use them correctly: Mitosis, meiosis, haploid, diploid, gametes, chromosomes, autosomes, sex-chromosomes, karyogram, DNA, gene, allele, inheritance, mutation, recessive, dominant, co-dominant, sex-linked, homozygote, heterozygote, phenotype, genotype, Punnet square/genetic diagram, monohybrid inheritance, pedigree, generations, population, species, mutation, environment, continuous and discontinuous variation, natural and sexual selection, stabilizing evolution, adaptive feature, fitness.



Indhold
Kernestof:

Skriftligt arbejde:
Titel Afleveringsdato
Analyzing pedigrees 30-01-2026
Omfang Estimeret: 12,00 moduler
Dækker over: 13 moduler
Særlige fokuspunkter
Væsentligste arbejdsformer

Titel 3 Food - macros and micros

Food: Macro- and micronutrients, digestion

In this course we focus on the contents of food, the macro nutrients (carbohydrates, lipids and proteins) and the micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). The course starts with a partner work, where one person is to look up the contents of a favorite dish and the other person is to look up the function of the digestive system – then working together on the digestion of that particular dish.

The course covers the components of food with a particular focus on macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats/lipids, proteins), and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), covering both molecular structure and function in the organism. The structure and function of the human digestive system and the absorption of different nutrients are also covered. We will also have a look at the official Danish nutrition advice and discuss why no one adheres to them

The students do two different experiments in groups, that they are to present to each other and do a report on
The students should get an understanding of the nature of nutrients, of taste and digestion, and should be able to answer simple exam style questions

Experimental work:
• Chocolate tasting
• Bromelain from pineapple

The course concludes with a test in the pages read, articles and papers handed out

Materials:

Papers:
Chemical structures in macro nutrients (pdf)
Fullick revision guide food and digestion (pdf)
Chocolate’s chemical charm (pdf)

TEDtalk:
Camilla Arndal Andersen: What happens in your brain when you taste food | TED Talk

Webarticle
De Officielle Kostråd - Ministeriet for Fødevarer, Landbrug og Fiskeri



Indhold
Kernestof:
Omfang Estimeret: 6,00 moduler
Dækker over: 7 moduler
Særlige fokuspunkter
Væsentligste arbejdsformer

Titel 4 Reproduction and sex


This course focuses on cell division, hormones, sex and reproduction

Curriculum:
Phil Bradfield and Steve Potter: Pearson Edexcel International GCSE Biology, Pearson Education, 2017: 118-122, 123-126 (until ‘chapter questions’), 240-245
Fullick, Ann: Revision guide Edexcel International GCSE Biology. Pearson 2011 pg. 35-39

https://anat215.sitehost.iu.edu/virtualscope2/docs/chap11_1.htm
https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/_/viewer.aspx?path=mgh_ceb&name=Section-of-a-mammalian-ovary.jpg&url=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com%2Fisolecithal%2Bovum
http://medsci.indiana.edu/a215/virtualscope/virtual/html5_ovary_20x.html
https://anat215.sitehost.iu.edu/virtualscope2/docs/chap11_3.htm
Chromosome Numbers in Mitosis & Meiosis - Amoeba Sisters #Shorts
Mitosis vs. Meiosis: Side by Side Comparison
Meiosis (Updated)

Materials aside from book and links:
Papers for sexology (pdf)
Virtual lab (Word docx)

Experimental work:
Virtual microscopy of ovaries and testes – comparison to slides with ovaries from rabbits. Focus is structure and function: Naming the structures and discussing their function

The course starts with a class on consent, what it means in the eye of the law versus how to get and give consent.
The students should know what sexual reproduction is and have fundamental knowledge of the cell divisions responsible for sexual reproduction (meiosis). The students should be able describe the anatomy and function of both the outer and inner male and female reproduction organs in humans and know what primary sexual characteristics (genitalia) and secondary sexual characteristics are (genital hair, beard, muscles and bone growth, deeper voice, chest hair in males and more fatty tissue, breasts, wider hips in females).
A main part of the course is a focus on meiosis as the production of gametes, where the students should understand the basis for variation between individuals: Reduction in chromosome number (diploid to haploid cells), crossing over and random distribution of chromosomes. The phases of cell division (PMAT) and what happens in each phase – both in mitosis and in meiosis division 1 and 2. The students should also know what defines a chromosome and a chromatid and know the difference between them. To aid this, the students do their own drawings and make a video explaining cell division.

Furthermore, the students should be able to explain what a hormone is, how hormones are transported in the body, how they work and describe and explain the normal menstrual cycle, with the feedback cycles of the hormones. The students should know a few forms of birth control and be able to explain their function, and they should know a few sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The contraception (birth control) and STDs are covered in one class, where the students in groups prepare a PowerPoint to present to other groups.

The students should know the following terms, and be able to use them correctly: Sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction, fertilization, gamete, zygote, haploid and diploid cells, mitosis, meiosis, crossing over, testes, sperm, penis, seminal vesicles, prostate, sperm duct, scrotum, urethra, ovaries, follicles, uterus, oviducts, cervix, bladder, vagina, menstrual cycle, ovulation, fertility, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, LH, FSH, hormonal feedback (both negative and positive), primary and secondary sexual characteristics, contraceptives, STD
Indhold
Kernestof:

Skriftligt arbejde:
Titel Afleveringsdato
PowerPoint on STD/Contraception 23-04-2026
Omfang Estimeret: 8,00 moduler
Dækker over: 6 moduler
Særlige fokuspunkter
Væsentligste arbejdsformer

Titel 5 Basic physiology

Basic physiology: This short course focuses on circulation and ventilation (heart and lungs)

Curriculum:

Bradfield and Potter: Pearson Edexcel International GCSE Biology, Pearson Education, 2017: 39-43, 45-49, 70-79
Papers:
Papers for

And the following links:
https://www.healio.com/cardiology/learn-the-heart/cardiology-review/topic-reviews/frank-starling-law
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPovpAXcmIU (3D mechanics of breathing)
Gas exchange (https://medlineplus.gov/ency/anatomyvideos/000059.htm)
Operation Ouch - The Diaphragm | Science for Kids (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rUVMok4Qp-Y)

Experimental work:
• Resting blood pressure measurements
• Measurements of vital capacity
• Measurements of blood oxygen content
• Microscopy of human blood (demonstration only)
• Examination of a mammalian heart (demonstration only)

For revision purposes
https://learn-biology.com/pump-it-up-circulatory-system-rap/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yaXna8LmoiY
https://learn-biology.com/digestive-respiratory-circulatory-system-review/
https://learn-biology.com/respiratory-system/

This course focuses on anatomy and function of the circulatory system and the respiratory (breathing) system in mammals.
The students should be able to explain the structure and function of the respiratory and the circulatory systems.  The students should know the mechanics of breathing and circulation and be able to name the anatomical structures involved and their function correctly. The students should know the Frank-Starling heart law (the more the heart fills, the harder it contracts) and be able to distinguish different parts of the mammalian heart and lungs from each other. They should know which muscles are used in breathing, and which structures transport blood where and how. The students should be able to measure blood pressure and vital capacity, and do simple calculations on average blood pressure and vital capacity, calculate means measurements and correlations between physiological measurements in Excel.

They should know that blood pressure is the highest in the arteries and lowest in the veins, which is why veins have valves, and they should know the structure and function of heart valves. (Uni-directional blood flow) The students should know that coronary arteries carry blood to the heart.

It is expected that the students know the following terms and are able to use them correctly: Ventilation, breathing, gas exchange, diffusion, inhalation, exhalation, respiratory surface, pleural membranes, diaphragm, intercostal muscles, breathing rate, larynx, pharynx, lungs, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, heart rate, blood pressure, ventricle, atrium, atria, vena cave, aorta, arteries, veins, arterioles, venules, capillaries, coronary arteries

Indhold
Kernestof:
Omfang Estimeret: 4,00 moduler
Dækker over: 5 moduler
Særlige fokuspunkter
Væsentligste arbejdsformer

Titel 6 Plants and ecology

Plants and ecology

Curriculum: Phil Bradfield og Steve Potter: Pearson Edexcel International GCSE Biology, Pearson Education, 2017: 187-199, 201-203
Notes: Ecosystem notes, handout from class, worksheets

Links:
The ecosystems in Hasseris: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4x3zv9lAoNo&t=1s
Wolves saved Yellowstone National Park https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTPt70vA39k
How wolves change rivers: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W88Sact1kws  

Experimental work:
• In the field examination of an ecosystem (small ecosystems around the school)
• Dandelion biology

This course focuses on ecosystems
The students should be able to describe what an ecosystem is, what makes up an ecosystem, the organisms in it and their interactions. They should be able to explain how plants are the basis of ecosystems, and how energy is lost through the food chain from the primary producers to the top, and that that’s why food chains have a limited length of 4-5 layers. As plants are the basis for all ecosystems (since they transform the sun’s energy into chemical energy) it is essential that students know that plants mainly compete about the abiotic factors in the basis of the ecosystem. They should know what plants need C and N for (carbohydrates such as starch and cellulose and nitrogen-rich molecules like amino acids, proteins, DNA, RNA and ATP respectively)
The students should be able to use apps like iNaturalist, Google lens or Arter.dk to identify different plant species. It is expected that the students can use this knowledge to characterize an ecosystem: What abiotic factors are important for a specific ecosystem, what plants are in the area of interest, and a few animals, if present. They should know how to use a Raunkier circle to randomize samples from an ecosystem. It is also expected that the students can present their findings in a journal.
They should be able to identify a few different adaptations in plants to abiotic and biotic factors such as darker leaves in shade-plants, different heights of plants to compete for sun, plants flowering at different times etc.
By investigating a single species of animal, the students are expected to characterize this animal in terms of niche and habitat, the animals place in ecosystem and food web.


When describing an ecosystem, it is expected that the students know and use the following terms correctly: Ecosystem, food chain, food web, primary producers, consumers (primary, secondary and tertiary), decomposers, trophic levels, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, predator, energy flow, biodiversity, habitat, niche, abiotic and biotic factors in the ecosystem, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, pyramids of numbers, pyramids of biomass

Indhold
Kernestof:

Skriftligt arbejde:
Titel Afleveringsdato
Journal on fieldwork 11-05-2026
Omfang Estimeret: 5,00 moduler
Dækker over: 5 moduler
Særlige fokuspunkter
Væsentligste arbejdsformer