Holdet 2023 FyB/y - Undervisningsbeskrivelse - Lectio

Holdet 2023 FyB/y - Undervisningsbeskrivelse

Undervisningsbeskrivelse

Stamoplysninger til brug ved prøver til gymnasiale uddannelser

Termin(er)	2023/24 - 2024/25
Institution	Rungsted Gymnasium
Fag og niveau	Fysik B
Lærer(e)	Hans Christian Westtoft
Hold	2023 FyB/y (1y FyB, 2y FyB)

Oversigt over gennemførte undervisningsforløb

Titel 1	1. Waves and sound
Titel 2	2. Kinematics in 1D
Titel 3	3. Simulation and experiment on projectile motion
Titel 4	4. Mechanical energy, 2D kinematics and forces
Titel 5	5. Heat, temperature and thermal energy
Titel 6	6. Work and forces
Titel 7	7. Circular motion and planetary systems
Titel 8	8. Light and stars
Titel 9	9.Atoms and nuclear physics
Titel 10	10. Electrical circuits and sensors
Titel 11	11. Pressure and buoyancy
Titel 12	12. Big bang and the cosmology

Beskrivelse af de enkelte undervisningsforløb (1 skema for hvert forløb)

Titel 1	1. Waves and sound We start physics with waves and an inductive experiment E1 with a pendulum in order to find out whether or not the period depends on the mass of the bob and/or the length of the pendulum. The regular motion of pendulums was used for timekeeping and was one of the most accurate timekeeping technologies until approximately 100 year ago. Amplitude, wavelength, period, frequency and propagation speed are wave properties introduced looking at harmonic waves. The concept of speed is introduced in E2 when a student is walking and running 30 meters with a student measuring the time every 3 meters. Focus is on making graphs with correct axis titles including units and comparing linear models from the graphs with theory. The speed of sound depends on the temperature and material, so a mathematical model of the speed of sound as a function of temperature is introduced and the speed of sound is found using microphones inside and outside the room (during winter) to observe if it is possible to measure a difference. The concept of constructive and destructive interference between waves is necessary to understand before doing an experiment of standing waves on a string and finding the propagation speed of waves on the string. The wave properties reflection and transmission are introduced, and we look at the difference between a fix and a free end. The intensity of a sound wave diminish with the inverse square of the distance from where the wave is produced. Power (effekt in danish) is introduced. Electromagnetic waves or light and the different types of EM waves propagate with the speed of light are introduced and the frequency and wavelength are calculated. E1: The period of a simple pendulum E2: Walk and run a graph E3: The speed of sound E4: Standing waves on a string
Indhold	Kernestof: The Nature of a Wave Interference of waves animation. Simulation of constructive and destructive waves interference. Two waves interference Physics Interference and sound.pdf Standing Waves Introduction Physics Standing waves.pdf Standing Waves Part I: Demonstration 1y Fy Energy transported, reflection and transmission.pdf
Omfang	Estimeret: Ikke angivet Dækker over: 7 moduler
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Titel 2	2. Kinematics in 1D We started the subject with doing exercises on speed, time intervals etc. using a formula for average speed and movement with constant speed. What is the difference between distance and displacement? And what is the difference between average speed and average veclocity? The two questions above are two of the important questions we need to be able to answer in order to understand and describe motion in 1D. The velocity is a vector expressed as an arrow that both have a length (magnitude) and a direction compared to speed that is a scalar and only has a magnitude. We use a remote-controlled car to measured the time interval for RC car to go from start to end on a 26 meters long track and calculate the average velocity, but we are not able to calculate the average speed, since the RC car took some detours and did a longer distance than the displacement. Graphical analysis of time, position graphs (t,x)-graphs is done in order to calculate the average and instantaneous velocity and be able to explain when movement is changing direction, the velocity is constant and the velocity is zero. E5: Freely falling objects E6: The average velocity of a RC car
Indhold	Kernestof: 1y Fy Displacement, average speed and velocity.pdf 1y Fy Graphical analysis of position and time graphs.docx Average velocity vs. instantaneous velocity Average and spread of data 1y Fy Graphical analysis of linear motion .pdf Understanding Instantaneous and Average Velocity using a Graph 1y Fy Measurement and uncertainty, significant figures.pdf Acceleration and free falling objects.pdf Motion at constant acceleration.pdf Analyzing the Apollo 15 Feather and Hammer Drop - A Basic, Introductory Free-Fall Problem 1y Fy Motion with constant acceleration.pdf 1y Fy Simulation of a car stopping.docx Position, Velocity, and Acceleration vs. Time Graphs Simulations of a car breaking with constant acceleration
Omfang	Estimeret: Ikke angivet Dækker over: 11 moduler
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Titel 3	3. Simulation and experiment on projectile motion This is a project about how we can simulate a projectile motion and compare experimental results with the simulations. We want to find the optimum firing angle and compare the length of the projectile motion with simulations using the initial velocity from the projectile launcher but also find the precision and accuracy of the projectile launcher. The students write a report that is commented by students from 2v that did the simulations and experiment last year.
Indhold	Kernestof: Position velocity acceleration as a function of time.pdf ProjectileMotion.fpr 1y Fy Simulation Projectile motion.docx 1y Fy Projectile motion experiment.docx Projectile Motion - StickMan Physics 1y Fy Report Projectile motion.docx
Omfang	Estimeret: Ikke angivet Dækker over: 5 moduler
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Titel 4	4. Mechanical energy, 2D kinematics and forces Mechanical energy is the sum of kinetic and potentiel energy and besides doing calcluations on both the energies, change in energies and height & speed the students are also learning how to use Maple as a tool for solving and writing physics texts. This topic also introduces kinematics in 2 dimensions and forces in 2 dimensions as the class are working with vectors in mathematics. Experimental: E5. Toy car on a skate track E6. Calculating the human average power of running on stairs E7. Football shot video analysis
Indhold	Kernestof: 1y Fy Note on mechanical Energy.pdf Energy Skate Park Wind-Pumped-Hydro system of El Hierro 1y Fy Kinematics in 2D Vectors.pdf LoggerPro video analysis presentation 1y Fy Videoanalyse af bevægelser med Logger Pro.pdf 1y Fy Two calculation examples of Projectile Motion.pdf
Omfang	Estimeret: Ikke angivet Dækker over: 13 moduler
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Titel 5	5. Heat, temperature and thermal energy The only way to change the energy of a system is to add or withdraw heat (Q) or work (W) on the system or make the system work on the surroundings. Temperature is movement on a microscopic level, higher kinetic energy means higher temperature. The temperature scale used for the kinetic energy is the absolute temperatur scale and K = degree celsius + 273. Bonds between atoms or molecules is the microscopic potential energy and it requires heat to break the bonds, the latent heats, and it will release energy when the bonds are made. Water has high latent heats, since the water molecular is polar while benzene is non-polar and have low latent heats. The density describes the mass divided by the volumen of a substance or a mixture and is used to convert mass to volumen or vice versa. The specific heat capacity, c, describes how much heat is required to raise the temperature 1 degree celsius or 1 kelvin of 1 kg of a substance. The capacity of the system, C, describes how much heat is required to heat the system 1 degree celsius or 1 kelvin. Focus is also on open and isolated system and system and surroundings. Heat transport can either be convection, conduction and emission of electromagnetic radiation. The Stefan-Bolzmann's equation is used to explain the power (or intensity) of the radiation. Experiments: E2.1 The heat loss of a hand E2.2 How cold will the drink be?
Indhold	Kernestof: 1y Fy Exercises on projectile motion.docx 1y Fy Heat and energy transfer.pdf 1y Fy Phases of matter and density.pdf Hypthermia graph body temperature Hypothermia graph water temperature 2y Fy Latent heat (energy to change of phase).pdf How Do Insulated Cups Work? Blackbody radiation 2y Fy Worksheet 2.2 Heat transport.docx Blackbody Spectrum
Omfang	Estimeret: Ikke angivet Dækker over: 10 moduler
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Titel 6	6. Work and forces First, forces are divided into contact forces and gravitational forces, and then the gravitational forces at the Earth's surface is calculated and the difference between mass and weight is introduced. Forces are vectors that are described with a magnitude and a direction. Forces can be added together and we can determine the resulting force on a body. Then Newton's three laws of motion is introduced and the important fact that you can calculate the acceleration based on the sum of all forces on the body and the mass of the body. After this, bodies are first analyzed on a horizontal surface, which gives rise to talk about the normal force and friction both statically and dynamically. Students draw force diagrams for simple force analysis on horizontal and inclined planes, so they must also consider the projection of forces and the application of cosine and sine to a force. The course concludes by linking the work performed by a constant force with the mechanical, kinetic and potential energy using the work energy theorem and the distinction between conservative and non-conservative forces. Experimentally: E2.3 Friction force and friction coefficients E2.4 Atwood's fall machine Work done by friction of a car going in Hot Wheels track
Indhold	Kernestof: 1y Fy Forces and Newtons First law of motion.pdf Newton's law of motion powerpoint.pdf 2y Fy Mass and Newton_s second law of motion.pdf Forces and Motion: Basics Incline plane with friction 2y Fy Atwoods machine and friction.pdf 2y Fy Work done by a constant force.pdf 2y Fy Worksheet 2.5 Work done by a constant force.docx Work-energy theorem 2y Fy Conservative and nonconservative forces.pdf
Omfang	Estimeret: Ikke angivet Dækker over: 12 moduler
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Titel 7	7. Circular motion and planetary systems The student gets a planet or dwarf planet and has to introduce important facts, values like size, density, diameter, ... and funfacts about their planet/dwarf planet. Then we look at the planets and try to group them from the information. The slow rotation of Venus around its own axis is shown to have the important implication that the Solar day on Venus is over half a year on Venus. Newtons universal gravitational law is introduced so it is possible to calculate the gravitational acceleration, g, on the planet and compare with table values, and also calculate the force between the earth and the Sun. The astronomical unit (AU) is a central value in our planetary system. The centripetal force required for circular motion is introduced as supplementary material. Therefore, it is calculated how the weight - the normal force - changes during a circular movement in both Tivoli's Ballongyngen and the London Eye. The centripetal force necessary for circular motion is the sum of all forces, so there is a force that must affect the body with this force, otherwise there is no circular motion. The centripetal force makes it possible to find Kepler's 3rd law of motion using the Newtons universal gravitational law and the centripetal force. From Newtons version of Kepler's 3rd law it is shown that we can calculate the mass for a central body for example the mass of the earth from the moons orbital period and radius, but also the mass of a black hole in the center of our galaxy. Experiments: E2.5 Loop the loop and starting height
Indhold	Kernestof: 2y Fy Circular motion and gravitation.pdf Roller Coaster Physics Planets - NASA Science 2y Fy Planets and Kepler's laws.docx Solar System Dynamics: Orbits and Kepler's Laws Kepler's First Law Kepler's Second Law Kepler's Third Law 2y Fy Newton's Law of Universal gravitation.pdf 2y Fy Satelittes, planetary systems and Keplers laws.pdf
Omfang	Estimeret: Ikke angivet Dækker over: 7 moduler
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Titel 8	8. Light and stars The inverse square law is central to calculate the distance to the star, but it is not only the light of stars that decreases 1/4 in intensity (or brightness) every time the distance is doubled, we talked about when we talked about sound and waves. Here the students make an experiment to show that the inverse square law is a good model for a lamp. The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram is a way of showing how stars are divided and change during their life cycle. Spectral classes of stars are linked to their spectra. The students experimentally identifying elements based on their emission spectra. Properties of light such as diffraction, interference and reflection are repeated and an experiment is made to determine the wavelengths of light. Experimental: E2.6 Inverse square law Spectral analysis
Indhold	Kernestof: 2y Fy The inverse square law and brightness of stars.pdf Movement and uniform circular motion Stellar evolution in HR diagram Evolution of stars type The planetarium program Stellarium.docx Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom.mw 2y Fy Presentation of spectras, star colours, surface temperatus and elements.pptx Hydrogen atom animation Spectral Classification of Stars 2y Fy Huygens' principle and diffraction .pdf
Omfang	Estimeret: Ikke angivet Dækker over: 7 moduler
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Titel 9	9.Atoms and nuclear physics The course starts by looking at atomic nuclei and Bohr's atomic model. The atomic model can explain the emission spectrum of hydrogen, but cannot be used for larger elements with more than one electron. After this, the focus is on the structure of nuclear nuclei and the fact that many nuclear nuclei are unstable due to too many or too few neutrons. Radioactivity, conservation theorems for nuclear decay as well as the decay types alpha, betaplus, betaminus and electron capture are introduced and it is pointed out that gamma decay comes in connection with other decays because the atomic nucleus is in an excited state. The nuclide table is central in this topic. The Q-value is calculated to get an overview of how the Sun produces energy and how nuclear power plants can be used to produce electrical energy and may be part of the future energy supply to reduce CO2 emissions. The students write an assignment on how to protect yourself against radiation and particles after they made the two experiments on absorption of gamma and range of alpha particles. Experimentally: E2.8 Absorption of gamma and halving thickness E2.9 Range of alpha particles in air The half-life of a nuclei (demo)
Indhold	Kernestof: 2y Fy Presentation of spectras, star colours, surface temperatus and elements.pptx HR background Types of spectra Emission spectra Refraction and reflection of light 2y Fy Huygens' principle and diffraction .pdf 2y Fy Diffraction gratings, interference and trigonometry.docx 27.1 Introduction to Nuclear Physics \| General Physics Protecting against radiation Radiation-exposure-levels.jpg Radon Danmark Radiation dose calculator 2y Fy worksheet 2.11 Deacy schemes and the nuclide chart.docx 2y Fy Journal E2.9 Range of alpha particles in airdocx.docx Half-life simulator Mass defect and binding energy \| Nuclear chemistry \| Chemistry \| Khan Academy Ba-137m half-life 5 background.CMBL Decay scheme for Cs-137 2y Fy Calculation of mass defect and nuclear binding energy.mw 2y Fy Binding energy and nuclear fission.pdf 2y Fy Mass defect Nuclear binding energy fission fusion stars dating.pdf 2y Fy Nuclear fusion and radioactive dating.pdf
Omfang	Estimeret: Ikke angivet Dækker over: 21 moduler
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Titel 10	10. Electrical circuits and sensors Charge and elementary charge Current Voltage (voltage difference, voltage drop) Converted electrical power and electrical energy from current and voltage Resistance (resistance) Simple circuits Characteristics of resistors, light bulbs and solar panels Resistors in series and parallel connection Resistivity and temperature dependence of conductors, semiconductors and insulators Sensors in the mobile phone and temperature sensor Experimental: Build a circuit and study the knot rule (Kirchhoff's 1st law) Characteristics of resistors, incandescent light bulb and solar panel Micro:bit and sensors (build three different sensors and test them)
Indhold	Kernestof: Circuit construction kit 2y Fy Electric charge and Coulombs law.pdf 2y Fy Electric current.pdf 2y Fy Ohms law and electrical power.pdf How The Internet Travels Under Sea Submarine Cable Map 2y Resistors in series and parallel.pdf 2y Fy Resitivity and temperature coefficients.pdf 2y Fy worksheet 2.18 Ohms 1. law, resistors in series and parallel and metal wires.docx What is the equivalent resistance? Microsoft MakeCode for micro:bit Built-in-sensors-in-a-typical-present-day-smartphone Sensors in Smartphones: What Are They? - UNIWA 2y Fy Specific gravity and pressure.pdf
Omfang	Estimeret: Ikke angivet Dækker over: 10 moduler
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Titel 11	11. Pressure and buoyancy Definition of pressure and pressure units What is the pressure from a human and an elephant on one or more legs How does pressure depend on the height of a liquid column and the hydrostatic paradox Buoyancy and buoyancy Experimental: - Determining the density of a liquid from the dependence of pressure on height - How does pressure depend on the volume of a gas?
Indhold	Kernestof: 2y Fy Pressure in fluids.pdf Map of the Øresund region Pressure 2y Fy Buoyancy and Archimedes_ Principle.pdf
Omfang	Estimeret: Ikke angivet Dækker over: 3 moduler
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Titel 12	12. Big bang and the cosmology Definition of pressure and pressure units What is the pressure from a human and an elephant on one or more legs How does pressure depend on the height of a liquid column and the hydrostatic paradox Buoyancy and buoyancy Experimental: - Determining the density of a liquid from the dependence of pressure on height - How does pressure depend on the volume of a gas?
Indhold	Kernestof: https://science.nasa.gov/missions/hubble/nasas-hubble-shows-milky-way-is-destined-for-head-on-collision/ 2y Fy Stars and galaxies.pdf 2y Fy Redshifts and expanding univserse.pdf 2y Fy The big bang and the cosmic microwaves bagground.pdf 2y Fy Stellar Evolution Nucleosynthesis.pdf
Omfang	Estimeret: Ikke angivet Dækker over: 6 moduler
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